Creating Your Own Multimedia Story World Franchise: What Josef Bastian’s Folktellers Universe Reveals About Developing, Pitching, and Protecting Your Intellectual Property

Storyteller reading a book as lions, dragons, and unicorns emerge from the smoke.

It’s a rags-to-riches story every artist dreams of: Your unknown but brilliant intellectual property gets picked up by a publishing house or movie studio and transforms into a best-selling book series, film franchise, television show, theme park attraction, and merchandising empire. It happened to J.K. Rowling. It happened to Stephenie Meyer. And in this age of multi-billion-dollar transmedia franchises that tell stories across multiple media platforms, it could happen to your story world.

But what if you don’t want to spend years waiting to be discovered by a book agent or Hollywood executive? What if you want to take control of your enterprise from day one, assemble a creative team, and set up your own meetings with movie producers and IP buyers?

Then you might want to take a page from Josef Bastian’s story and learn how he created Folkteller LLC, a transmedia entertainment company that supports his multiple creative endeavors. Through this multimedia content platform, Bastian has launched his award-winning YA fantasy book series Folktellers: Excerpts from an Unknown Guidebook. And with help from transmedia partners, Carl Winans,  Stephen Sadler, Amy S. Weber, Patrick McEvoy, and Ahmet Zappa, Bastian has partnered with Hollywood heavyweights to adapt the book series into a live action TV show.

Folktellers Map
Taking the time to craft a solid story world canon enabled Bastian to create two YA fantasy book series, establishing a strong core for his transmedia entertainment enterprise.

Now the creative producer of his own transmedia enterprise, the Folktellers Universe, Bastian seeks to open his story world to other artists, storytellers, musicians, and game designers who can expand his original vision. And while some transmedia franchises develop through chance, the Folktellers Team is building their transmedia story universe intentionally, as they grow their brand and intellectual properties.

But while things may be moving quickly for Folkteller LLC, it wasn’t always this way. In fact, it took fifteen years of planning and networking for Bastian to create his story world. Yet it’s this preparation that makes Folktellers such an attractive property for production companies and gives this creative team an edge in fast-tracking their transmedia projects.

I spoke with both Josef Bastian and Stephen Sadler to learn the behind-the-scenes story on Folkteller LLC and hear their views on how modern stories should be built. Their insights reveal that creating — and protecting — a solid story world canon is vital in ensuring your franchise’s integrity as you build partnerships, establish an audience, and release your transmedia story universe to the public.

How Resurrecting an Old Legend Launched a New Transmedia Franchise

Nain Rouge Red Dwarf
Bastian’s original YA series, Nain Rouge, was born from an old French legend and told through multiple mediums, including novels and comic books. Credit: Patrick McEvoy.

In 2008, Josef Bastian lost his job in Detroit, Michigan at a time when the recession caused many people to lose work. During this period, he came across the local Detroit legend of the “Nain Rouge” (Red Dwarf) a supernatural creature from French folklore who appears as a harbinger of doom before bad events. Intrigued, Bastian worked with co-founding partner, Carl Winans, to resurrect the legend as the Nain Rouge, a middle-grade fantasy book series that ties the red dwarf to Detroit’s economic hardships. The stories follow two teens who discover they are linked to a Nain Rouge curse that drains both their town’s prosperity and their lives.

When the books took off regionally, Bastian, feeling the story could attract new readers as a comic book, partnered with Patrick McEvoy, a Marvel Comics artist to adapt the stories into the graphic novel Nain Rouge: The Red Legend. Funded by a Kickstarter program that raised $20,000 and published by Caliber Comics, the experience showed Bastian the possibilities of telling stories on multiple platforms.

Interested in further exploring the power of folktales and the people who keep them alive, Bastian came up with the concept of the Folktellers — dimension-hopping guardians who travel the multiverse to drive back the Shadow People, evil creatures who feed on powerful stories. By reciting stories of power, Folktellers ward off the Shadow People while also inspiring the people who need to hear the tales.

Bastian conceived of an entire series of middle-grade Folktellers stories and grew interested in telling his story across multiple media platforms. Seeking out thought leader and CEO of transmedia production company Starlight Runner Entertainment Jeff Gomez, Bastian asked for advice on how to turn his concept into a transmedia story world. Gomez, who’s helped Disney, 20th Century Fox, and other studios develop their transmedia story worlds, agreed that Bastian had something, but urged him to finish creating the canon of his story world before releasing it.

“Jeff told me that once the canon’s out there, you’re going to give other writers and artists a chance to work on the platform and build off of that — but you need to have your foundational work done,” Bastian recalls. “Because if you don’t, then the story world will lack a center, and  can splinter off in too many directions. You need the canon as your nucleus to ground the world you’ve created.”

Taking Gomez’s advice, Bastian spent the next several years finishing what became the first of two separate book series, each eight books long. He fleshed out the mythology of his story world, adding elements such as Guardians and Travelers who journey alongside Folktellers. The first series focuses on Aaron Anderson, a teenager training to be a Folkteller, while the second centers on Zinnia, a different Folkteller, whose adventures cross with Aaron’s. At one point, the characters enter the universe of the Nain Rouge, connecting all of Bastian’s story worlds into a shared universe.

“Taking my time was good because there were a couple times that I wrote myself into a corner and if the books were out, I would have eliminated my ability to go back and change things in the early parts of the series,” notes Bastian. “The goal was to create that canon, that foundation, but also not to close it off with a happily ever after. I wanted to give the reader closure, and a meaningful pay-off, but show you can still take the story in any direction you want. It’s really that rich of a world.”

Thanks to this approach, Bastian produced a wealth of creative content. Getting that content out, however, would require additional support.

Finding the Right Creative Connections to Develop Folkteller LLC

Original FolkTellers cover art with mystical storyteller
Folktellers: Excerpts from an Unknown Guidebook expands Bastian’s interest in folktales into a multi-media story that can be shared through books, television, music, and YouTube videos. Credit: Patrick McEvoy.

Once again, Bastian partnered with McEvoy — now Senior Art Director for Folkteller LLC — to provide illustrations and cover art for Folktellers: Excerpts from an Unknown Guidebook. However, finding additional partners to help accomplish his goals proved challenging.

“I was in the wilds of Detroit , which isn’t known as the entertainment capitol of the world,” he states, recalling the challenge of breaking into the entertainment world from the outside. “I needed to get my elevator pitch tight. I needed to talk to people in the publishing industry. I needed to talk to people in the film industry. In television. In gaming. You hear nothing, and then you get a few people who say, ‘Okay, that’s interesting.’ Or ‘Oh, I know someone.’ You’ll get a few leads, follow up on those leads, and sometimes they lead to a dead end and sometimes they lead to another lead.”

One lead who became much more was Stephen Sadler who attended one of Bastian’s investment pitches. A Detroit-based inventor whose digital platform IntensifyDigital has been used in over sixty social media movie campaigns for Hollywood studios including Disney and DreamWorks, Sadler realized Bastian had written enough content to support an entire fictional universe. Seeing an opportunity, he encouraged Bastian to immediately bring his story world to film and television.

“I’ve never seen anyone write like him,” Sadler says of Bastian. “He’s just finished the sixteenth book in the series. This project is a long-term investment of time and money. To do something like this is big. It’s not for the faint-hearted. But the people you meet makes it worth every minute of it.”

Leveraging his Hollywood contacts, Sadler introduced Bastian to figures in the entertainment industry, including musician/producer Ahmet Zappa and Charles Segars, producer of Disney’s National Treasure franchise. They brought other people into their team, including entertainment lawyers, sculptors, screenwriters, and composers who developed additional content for Folkteller LLC, including pitch bibles, TV series treatments, and even a theme song, The Story of Us All, produced by III Worlds Music Group (2 Fast 2 Furious, xXx: State of the Union) and Death By Lipstick Productions.

“When it comes to team-building, I believe the people need to have the same type of mentality and vision for [the project] to be successful,” says Sadler. “With me, it’s a slow process. I meet someone, I spend time with them. I make friends with them and once I’m friends with them, they become part of the team. I won’t just hire someone and go, ‘Hey, let’s see how this goes.’”

Bastian is of a similar mindset. “I have them read my books and then I ask them what they got from the stories. And if I hear the echo from them, it’s ‘Okay, you get it.’”

Gaining a team that can put together so much collateral marketing material enables Bastian to send out the most relevant materials when pitching or promoting his projects. While this multi-media marketing approach is useful for generating buzz online, it’s essential when pitching Folktellers to IP buyers.

Pitching Folktellers to Film and TV Production Companies

FolkTellers Cover Art Main Characters
Pitching books to media companies like Netflix requires a highly visual presentation. Credit: Patrick McEvoy

“When you pitch to Netflix, it has to be quick,” Sadler emphasizes. “It’s not something where you can go into the detail of everything. You have to catch their attention very quickly — and if you do, then you get to the next level. It’s not like one and done. They vet you, and if you’re vetted, you go to the next level.”

Bastian agrees, remembering it was a struggle just to get people to read even his condensed material.

“We’re out in Hollywood and you get your big meeting and they give you five minutes,” he states. “And they’re like, ‘You sent us this beautiful pitch bible, but we didn’t read it. And the books — we’re never going to read those. So, what do you got?’ And you’ve got five minutes to convince them to enter your story world.”

One effective way Bastian found he could pitch his story world was to convey it through a medium IP buyers understand — visuals. This meant showcasing the artwork and character designs created by Patrick McEvoy. It also meant working with film veteran, Amy S. Weber to produce live action trailers of the Folktellers books to show what the stories could look like on television.

“And what happens is, if they like it, they’re like — tell me more,” he says. “So, you tell them more and they’re like, ‘We need to look at your pitch bible.’ And then they read it. And then they’re like, ‘You know what? I’m going to have a couple of my assistants read that first book.’ So, you have to condense, condense, condense to the point where they’re not even looking at what you just condensed because they’re looking at you just talking. But if they are interested, you need to have everything ready. And if they get to the point where they’re actually reading something, you’re pretty far down the road.”

Folktellers Story World Universe
Original artwork of his Folktellers Universe helps Bastian effectively communicate his vision to IP buyers within a short five-minute pitch. Credit: Patrick McEvoy.

One thing that gave Folktellers an edge was that the books had already been written. This made the series different from even certain popular TV shows.

“When we met with Netflix, one of the things they asked was, ‘Is this series done? Because we do not want to get into a situation like a George R.R. Martin Game of Thrones where the series isn’t done and we have to figure out how to wrap the series up,’” Bastian recalls. “So, if you’re an author, they want to know if your series is done if they’re going to buy. Because if the book series takes off and the TV series takes off, eventually they got to meet somewhere – the ending’s going to have to be close to the same.”

Bastian finds this desire for completed content is driving producers to purchase and reboot classic TV series for today’s streaming service audiences who will gladly binge-watch entire seasons of a new TV show, particularly one with an existing following. This growing appetite for serialized content is also something Sadler believes Folktellers can satisfy.

Harry Potter is not set up for serialized content,” he states. “It’s set up for long movies. But the way Josef writes his books, it’s more like the Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew series. And streaming services are all looking for something that’s lasting. They don’t want something that will end after a couple episodes or even one season. They’re looking for something that’ll help get them more subscribers and make more money.”

Understanding this aspect of the entertainment industry is key to selling an IP. Bastian, who’s written his own article on Netflix corporate culture, reflects on the high-pressure, high-stakes nature of the industry.

“Netflix hires their buyers out of Harvard and Yale — Ivy League schools. These are twenty-somethings with MBAs, and they have a background in data analytics. And [Netflix] will say, ‘Okay, you’ve got a $200 million dollar budget this year to buy properties in these genres. And here are all the data analytics tools. So, you’re making the decisions. But you’re accountable for them too.

And the thing with entertainment is — you don’t know if something is going to be great. You might have a quality storyline or pitch, but it could get produced poorly. So much can go wrong and so much can go right and it’s not in your control. And that’s how the industry is. Everyone is crazy busy and they’re making decisions on the fly even though they have all these tools for data analytics. And whatever happens in the world could push you up the ranks or push you down. And unfortunately, as a creator and someone who’s not in the industry, that’s what you’re up against.”

Nevertheless, as the creative producer of his own transmedia universe, Bastian and his partners also feel adamant about protecting the brand identity of Folkteller LLC, which has led them to make some unexpected decisions.

“We’ve turned down funding,” Bastian admits. “We’ve also turned down projects. Early on, they wanted to make the Nain Rouge into a horror movie. You definitely could — it’s very dark — but Folkteller LLC can’t put its name on an adult slasher/horror film. We turned down a couple million dollars early on.”

Connecting with and Expanding the Folktellers Audience

FolkTellers gathering at attention
The Folktellers Universe is ever-expanding and invites other artists, writers, and creators to add their own content to the story universe using multiple storytelling platforms. Credit: Patrick McEvoy.

As the Folktellers Team work to develop the Folktellers TV show, they’re also focused on reaching out to and expanding the target audience of their story world — middle grade readers and fantasy fans. The first two books in the eight-book series, Phases of the Moon and Cave in the Rock have been published and are available on Amazon with a third book, Shadows on the Silver Strings, set to be released in Fall 2021. To help promote the books, Folkteller LLC has put together a Storytelling for Literacy Program that allows Bastian to go into schools with a unique transmedia educational program.

“We had special ‘Folkteller Kits’ with little Oscar trophies, runner-up Oscar trophies, a rolled up red carpet, and all the books packaged inside,” Sadler states. “They went to the classroom and the students would read the books and at the end of the books they’d create a YouTube video and give themselves an alternate ending based on whatever character they liked out of the book. And then we’d do a contest and we’d walk them down the red carpet.”

By providing the tools that enabled young readers to create their own Folktellers stories in a digital video medium, Bastian and Sadler make their audience active participants in their story universe, while encouraging both literary and digital literacy. The student-produced YouTube videos promote greater engagement between author and audience while expanding Folktellers Universe content and creating greater brand awareness. Such strategies will become more important for Bastian as he makes the move from content creator to creative producer.

Moving forward, Folktellers has created a free, homeschool version of their “Folkteller Kits” to address the needs of at-home educators. They also plan on creating more digital platforms to help other artists learn the steps for creating additional digital content and sharing stories. This includes Folktellers LLC’s plan for resurrecting obscure folklore and legends or “Cryptofolk” through multiple transmedia platforms and sharing them with a global audience. Visitors to the Folktellers website are encouraged to share stories and local legends that they’d like to see in the Folktellers Universe where characters regularly travel to different countries and worlds to experience myths and legends firsthand.

Owning Your Story World and How to Protect Your Intellectual Property

Folktellers balancing precariously on a disc
Owning and protecting your IP is essential when building your story world.

During his visits to schools, Bastian offers a key piece of advice to students on the power of storytelling:

“Every day you get up in the morning is an opportunity to tell your own story because that’s what life is – the story of us all. It’s up to you to decide: What will MY story be? What story am I going to tell? We are all the makers and tellers of our own stories. And as human beings,  we need to own it, and be accountable for ourselves, while respecting the stories of others. Because if you don’t, someone else will tell your story for you. And you won’t like it.”

It’s a powerful message — and one that Folktellers are heeding as they take ownership of their own intellectual property.

“We own all of our IP,” states Bastian. “Everything that we have is copyrighted and trademarked. We’ve paid the intellectual property lawyers to secure all that. We own our name — Folktellers LLC — and all before any dollar was made. It’s not cheap to do, but it’s really important. Otherwise, someone could just take your creative work. As a writer it’s easier to protect your copy because those protections are more apparent. But I feel that when you’re looking at intellectual properties and franchises, it shows you’re serious about what you’re doing.”

Sadler agrees, adding that it’s particularly important to take ownership of how a brand is promoted on social media.

“We have ‘Folktellers’ with an ‘s’ locked down on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, Snapchat, everything. Why? Because we want that to be our digital footprint and we don’t want another brand to hijack that. And I think that’s the most important thing these days. You have to lock down everywhere because you don’t know where your audience is or where it will be in the future. And as new platforms come out, you should be looking for those and immediately lock down your name because if you don’t then someone else will do it and what ends up happening is that they start controlling your narrative — and it’s your narrative.”

It’s a considerable investment of time, money, and manpower. But as the Folktellers Universe continues growing, it’s also another step in this entertainment company’s mission to maintain its own vision.

“There’s nothing wrong with being patient and making sure the opportunities you’re taking are the right ones for that intellectual property,” Sadler emphasizes. “Because if some group decides to pivot and go in a different direction and all of a sudden, your IP becomes something not in line with what your story is, it stops being about what you’re creating. So, be patient. Control the narrative. Control the digital footprint.”

Disney Marvel vs Warner Bros. DC: How Do Shared Universes Succeed or Fail? (And What Does Cobra Kai Have to Do with It?)

Avengers Infinity War offers an excellent example of Disney Marvel shared universe storytelling

Since Iron Man started the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2008, the MCU has continued to grow in scope—and profitability. According to Statista, as of November 2020, the MCU film franchise has earned a total worldwide box office revenue of 22.56 billion U.S. dollars with 23 films. And with the MCU continuing to branch out into new territory, such as the well-received Disney+ streaming series WandaVision (and half a dozen others now in production), the franchise will only grow in value.

Industry observers attribute the MCU’s success to its shared universe, which allows characters or events from one film to cross over into the plots of other movies and TV shows. This allows Marvel to introduce and get audiences emotionally invested in new superheroes and plotlines before developing them further in new films. Audiences follow this new content, eagerly consuming the new material since it all relates to a greater overall narrative.

However, while Marvel has built a complex and lucrative shared universe over the last decade, other companies are having a harder time competing with their own. Warner Bros, in particular, has invested hundreds of millions of dollars into its DC Extended Universe, but has not enjoyed the critical or commercial success of Marvel’s films, earning just over $5.6 billion U.S. dollars with nine films.

What accounts for this difference in audience response? According to Jeff Gomez, CEO of transmedia production company Starlight Runner Entertainment, “A primary driver for the success of shared universes is master conductor, a producer who understands how to unfold a massive narrative through smaller, self-contained stories. While this conductor offers some creative freedom to the filmmakers producing the individual stories, the conductor enforces the universe’s narrative integrity and ultimately directs how the tales move toward periodic climactic events that tie them all together.”

According to Gomez, who has worked with Disney, 20th Century Fox, and other studios, many companies still opt for a more individualized “auteur” approach, resulting in shared universes with disjointed overall narratives, various inconsistencies in characterization and the “rules” of the story world, and a lack of overall narrative momentum. These can yield colossal hits, like Warner Bros. The Dark Knight or 20th Century Fox’s Deadpool, but also in box office failures such as WB’s Birds of Prey and Fox’s Dark Phoenix.

Let’s take a closer look at how the MCU built its grand narrative over the last decade—and how studios can benefit from these factors when creating, revising or sustaining a multi-movie or transmedia entertainment franchise.

How Marvel Comics Pulled Ahead of DC Comics in the 1960s

Photo of Marvel Legend Stan Lee
Stan Lee’s approach to shared universe comic book storytelling allowed Marvel Comics to outsell DC Comics in the 1960s, creating the foundation for the MCU.

In terms of intellectual property, both Marvel and DC boast some of the most well-known characters and stories in entertainment history. DC owns both Superman, the original modern superhero, and Batman, whose long list of media adaptations makes him a very marketable character. Yet somehow, Marvel is still able to take its most obscure superheroes—such as the Guardians of the Galaxy—and turn them into billion-dollar film series.

The key, Gomez states, lies not in how valuable these properties are individually, but how well they’re used in tandem with each other.

This was actually established decades earlier in the comic book industry long before the MCU was a reality. During the 1950s and early ‘60s, DC Comics dominated the comic book market and consistently outsold Marvel (then called “Atlas”). Notably, DC was using a type of shared universe at this point by having Superman, Batman, and other characters guest star in one another’s comics. However, continuity was loose and events in certain plotlines were not always referenced or acknowledged in other books.

In 1961, however, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby launched The Fantastic Four and began laying the groundwork for a more coherent shared universe where major events, from the wedding of the series’ main heroes to the coming of the planet-destroying demigod Galactus, were referenced and affected the plotlines of other Marvel comic book series. As Lee was the main writer for most the titles, maintaining continuity was more feasible.

“But what was especially interesting in Stan Lee’s case, was that he wanted to do this,” says Gomez. “By creating a tighter continuity between the titles, as well as taking a deeper and more human approach to characterization, Lee appealed to a slightly more mature sensibility in his readers. He created a more realistic shared universe, one that started to unfold like a giant narrative tapestry. As his audience aged, they were noticing these subtleties in the comics and stayed with them longer.”

Readers responded positively, and according to Marvel’s house ad for retailers in the 1960s, Marvel sales consistently rose, allowing their books to sell 18,700,000 copies in 1961 and 27,709,000 copies by 1964 after heroes like Spider-Man, Iron Man, and Daredevil made their debuts. By 1967, Marvel sales overtook DC sales. Eventually, DC copied Marvel’s formula for their own books but couldn’t keep up with Marvel’s success.

Marvel’s winning formula lay in the fact that each creative team worked on an individual title, yet guided their characters’ lives in a direction determined by an editorial team with a clear vision for what major events would shape the greater universe. Those events might be the Secret Wars, where multiple characters were abducted to fight on an alien planet, or the Infinity Gauntlet Saga, where the villain Thanos became a god-like being and erased half the universe’s population.

Regardless, the fallout from the big events often affected how creators shaped their smaller stories, as they showed how the heroes dealt with the changes these catastrophes made in their lives. Spider-Man gained an alien costume during his Secret Wars adventures that influenced his day-to-day crimefighting and later created his enemy Venom. Superheroes on Earth had to deal with earthquakes and disasters Thanos’ actions were causing from across the universe.

“This created the sense of shared reality that kept comic book readers invested in the books,” says Gomez. “Many fans would buy multiple titles just so they could see how the big events were affecting the smaller stories, which boosted the sales of weaker series. They’d speculate with other fans on how these events would affect the comic books moving forward, making consuming more Marvel content a communal experience—and a top priority.

Kevin Feige Emulated Marvel Visionaries Stan Lee and Jim Shooter

Marvel Studios Avengers Endgame Poster
Kevin Feige managed to successfully translate Marvel’s shared universe from the comic books to the big screen.

A Marvel Comics fan from youth, Kevin Feige intrinsically understood Stan Lee’s approach (and those of successors like Jim Shooter, who leveled up massive superhero cross-over events in the 1980s), and would have assuredly wanted to apply these techniques to the X-Men films during his tenure as a young producer at 20th Century Fox. But likely, studio politics and an emphasis on directorial power prevented him from doing so.

“Instead of a shared transmedia universe, what we got with Fox’s X-Men franchise was more akin to Japanese media mix,” observes Gomez. “The characterizations, storylines, the rules of the universe, even cast members shifted wildly from one movie to the next, one TV series to the next. At first fans attempted to make sense of it all, weaving theories that somehow placed the stories into some kind of continuum. But by the time we got to X-Men Origins: Wolverine, fans just threw up their hands. At Starlight Runner, we call this a fractured shared universe. The producers don’t care about the consistency of the narratives, so fans stop caring as well. As a result, you have these wide fluctuations in film quality and box office.”

Liberated from the Fox studio culture, Feige would quickly become the equivalent of a comic book editor-in-chief to guide the Marvel films, first independently and then with the Walt Disney Company after their acquisition of Marvel Entertainment.

Under Feige’s guidance, the MCU was able to tell self-contained stories that would entertain casual viewers while also using them as creative building blocks for an interconnected universe that engaged serous fans.

Thus, Phase One of the MCU introduced many of the primary superheroes in Iron Man, The Incredible Hulk, Captain America: The First Avenger, and Thor before having them all team up in the crossover film The Avengers. With Phase Two, fully under the Disney banner, Feige continued developing the story arcs of these characters while also introducing other heroes in Guardians of the Galaxy and Ant-Man who would become key players in the massive Phase Three crossover event Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, two of the most successful global blockbusters of all time.

Compare this with Warner Bros. Pictures approach to the DC Comics universe. Initially intent on parsing out the likes of Batman and Superman to top film directors for their unique takes on the characters, WB altered course when they recognized the value of the MCU’s singular vision. But the studio struggled with centralizing creative power.

Christopher Nolan's Dark Knight Poster
Warner Bros’s auteur theory approach can create cinematic masterpieces like The Dark Knight, but doesn’t create the building blocks of a shared universe.

“Initially, Zack Snyder was handed the reigns over the films, but his approach was heavily derived from late-1980s graphic novels like Watchmen and The Dark Knight Returns, these somber Teutonic deconstructions of the characters that signified the end of the Bronze Age of comics and started the grim and gritty trend,” says Gomez. “There’s a hardcore fan base for those kinds of films, and there was an aesthetic precedent because of the studio’s success with the Dark Knight films, but the darkness of those themes and tones are not really for kids or older adults. They don’t serve well as the basis for a four-quadrant global franchise that also generates hundreds of millions of dollars in licensing and merchandising.”

Behind the scenes, Warner Bros. Pictures was also running through a carousel of executives overseeing the DCEU. As opposed to Disney, which had reorganized its franchise management to grant individuals extraordinary creative influence, WB maintained a complex bureaucracy that divided power over the DC films between executives who answered to different superiors. In 2017, after the box office failure of Justice League, DC Entertainment President Diane Nelson said, “Our intention, certainly, moving forward is using the continuity to help make sure nothing is diverging in a way that doesn’t make sense, but there’s no insistence upon an overall storyline or interconnectivity in that universe. Moving forward, you’ll see the DC movie universe being a universe, but one that comes from the heart of the filmmaker who’s creating them.”

DC Justice League Movie Poster
The box office failure of Justice League shows the problems that can arise when individual films aren’t unified under a single vision receptive to fan desires and sensibilities.

Nelson resigned the following year, and franchise execs Geoff Johns, Jon Berg, and Greg Silverman have all since departed. Walter Hamada, current president of DC Films, has stated that the DC live action films will now be part of a cinematic multiverse—arguably more complex than a single shared universe—where characters will exist in separate cinematic worlds but also have the option of crossing over into other movie universes. This means that Robert Pattinson will star as his own version of Batman in the upcoming The Batman while two other Batmen, portrayed by Ben Affleck and Michael Keaton, will cross over into a different cinematic universe for 2022’s The Flash.

Such a strategy shows that Warner Bros. is still interested in competing with Disney-Marvel by establishing multiple cinematic universes, each with its own continuity. However, without a master conductor organizing the direction of all the disparate story worlds, the studio runs the risk of confusing audiences and further reducing their engagement with the characters.

The Shared Universe Secret Sauce: Systemic Narrative Design (and Charm)

Thor Ragnarok Poster
Thor: Ragnarök showed how directors and actors can take creative risks with shared universe films while still moving the master narrative forward.

Back on the Disney side, the Marvel Cinematic Universe was not without its challenges. Foundational agreements and corporate structure held Kevin Feige at a distance when it came to the network television and streaming. Disconnected from the movies, often suffering from limited budgets and slow pacing, shows like Marvel’s Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (ABC-TV), Iron Fist (Netflix) and Runaways (Hulu) could not gain a foothold on their platforms and faltered.

“The shows were undercut by political conflicts within Marvel, but more so by essential incongruities,” says Gomez. “Nearly all of them strayed much further from the source material than the movies did. The Netflix heroes avoided using their powers or wearing costumes, as if the producers were ashamed of the genre. Characters like Iron Fist or the Inhumans were nearly unrecognizable from the comics, and to boot, they weren’t particularly likeable.”

Small wonder when Feige reached the apex of Phase Three, he leveraged his success to take creative control over all of Marvel to realize his ultimate fanboy dream: to wipe the streaming and network slate clean and produce a complete and entirely cohesive transmedia Marvel Cinematic Universe.

With the emphasis Warner Bros. now places on its directors’ individual visions, one might suspect that storytellers building a shared universe may need to abandon their own individuality to follow the producer’s vision. However, following a Feige’s vision for the MCU did not mean sacrificing all of a visionary filmmaker’s creativity. In fact, even when a film did not succeed with all audiences due to creative choices, it can still hold great value for what if offers to the larger narrative.

MCU’s Thor films are a good example of this. Thor: The Dark World is considered one of the weaker entries in the MCU franchise. Critics have cited a lack of chemistry between Thor and his romantic lead Jane Foster as well as a forgettable villain as reasons for why the film did not appeal to many audiences.

Thor The Dark World Poster
MCU’s shared universe allowed a lackluster film like Thor: The Dark World to be a critical creative building block in its master narrative, motivating fans to make it an essential part of their movie watching experience.

However, Gomez points out that Thor: The Dark World introduced a good deal of lore into the franchise, including an array of “Easter eggs,” elements that seemed like background content but would become important in later films, such as the Reality Stone, one of the key Infinity Stones necessary to the greater MCU narrative. The Avengers had to literally travel back in time to the events of this movie in Avengers: Endgame to retrieve the stone, strengthening the film’s importance. As a result, fans were incentivized to watch and re-watch this film on streaming services as it has become a necessary entry in the overall story.

“There will never be a reason to go back and watch Birds of Prey, Suicide Squad or even Wonder Woman 1984, because they were subpar entries and they were not designed to fit into a greater narrative. They instantly become catalog content,” says Gomez. “Thor 2 may have sucked, but fans flocked back to it searching for clues about the Infinity Stones. Because of WandaVision on Disney+, fans are at it again, rushing back to the weakest film of the Avengers series, Age of Ultron, parsing every scene for clues—and finding them, because the filmmakers had the temerity and foresight to put them there.”

The third Thor film, Thor: Ragnarök, also shows how shared universe films can take creative risks without sacrificing their place in the grand narrative. Directed by Taika Waititi, the film moved Thor away from his usual mythological roots by having him fight on an alien planet against the Incredible Hulk. The film also allowed Thor actor Chris Hemsworth to showcase his comedic talents, greatly shifting the way the Thunder God was portrayed onscreen.

But Thor: Ragnarök still continued Thor’s story arc of loss and pain. Audiences saw Thor lose his father Odin as well as his entire home world of Asgard. These events were pivotal in establishing Thor’s later depressed state in Avengers: Endgame, making Thor: Ragnarök an important creative building block in the shared universe, and showing how individual and shared visions can work together successfully.

“Sure, writers, directors, actors, and all kinds of unforeseen circumstances can change things along the way, but that’s the jazz, the spontaneity of creating epic narrative. Because Feige’s team has a strong sense of the grand design, they can take advantage of brilliant ideas and shift course, and they can circumnavigate any sudden whirlpools,” says Gomez.

“A shared universe is not a series of linear narratives, it is a narrative system,” he states. “Imagine a web of narrative threads connecting each of these to several others. Imagine them moving and rotating and evolving over the course of space and time, like a nebula in space. Now imagine a number of these elements converging into a giant flashpoint—a major event, the culmination of years of storylines. That takes orchestration. That takes four-dimensional thinking. But you get Avengers out of it. You get Avengers: Endgame. Billions of dollars in global box office, licensing, and merchandising. That’s systematic shared universe design in a nutshell.”

The DC Animated Universe

Bruce Timm and Paul Dini created a successful DC shared universe with their animated series
The DC Animated Universe showed that Warner Bros. can create a successful shared universe by organizing multiple creators under a single shared vision.

Ironically, while DC’s live-action movies have struggled to establish a coherent shared universe, the best possible approach had been long established at Warner Bros. Animation. During the early 1990s, while Marvel was still trying to establish its film and TV properties, WB actually succeeded in creating a wildly popular shared universe through its animation properties by using similar strategies to the MCU.

Dubbed the DC Animated Universe, DCAU, or “Timmverse” by fans, this shared universe was helmed by producer and character designer Bruce Timm who co-created and produced many of the animated shows that made up the shared universe. These included Batman: The Animated Series, Superman: The Animated Series, Batman Beyond, Justice League, and Justice League Unlimited.

Like the MCU, characters in the DCAU could venture into other show settings (as when Superman visited Gotham City to work with Batman) or reference plot elements from separate series (as when a Justice League plotline showed the government building a defense against superheroes in response to the actions of a mind-controlled Superman in the final episode of Superman: The Animated Series). Much like the MCU, the DCAU allowed for an ever-expanding and diverse cast of characters that delighted fans. Even today, Warner Bros’ new DC Universe Animated Original Movies follow a similar pattern that allows multiple films to share the same fictional space.

Most importantly, the fact that most of the DCAU series were co-created by Bruce Timm allowed the showrunner’s influence and narrative design sensibilities to establish a coherent continuity throughout the individual series. Together with writers like Paul Dini who wrote many episodes for multiple series, the creators built an interconnected story world with plotlines fans could follow from one series to another. Although the logistics of creating animated series are different from producing multi-million-dollar live action films, the DCAU’s success ultimately lay in creators following a shared vision.

The Mandalorian, Cobra Kai & How to Produce Successful Shared Universes

Disney Plus The Mandalorian poster
Disney’s shared universe and transmedia storytelling strategies have breathed new life into its Star Wars franchise with hit shows like The Mandalorian.

Can the success of the Marvel Cinematic Universe truly be ported to other entertainment franchises? Gomez believes this is in the process of happening right now with Disney’s own Star Wars. Under Kathleen Kennedy, the post-George Lucas films were indeed driven by an auteur approach. Directors such as J.J. Abrams and Rian Johnson were given a relatively free hand at shaping the canon of the Skywalker saga one film at a time.

“Kennedy’s mandate was to move fast, and her background was in placing strong visionary directors in the driver’s seat,” says Gomez. “In terms of narrative design, you can get away with that under Lucas himself, because he had a powerful sense of the essence of his creation and a kind of head canon for where it needed to go, even if he hadn’t written it all out ahead of time. This clearly wasn’t the case for the first several Disney films, and so the franchise started to falter. The seams were showing, the story was being made up as they went along, and this was quite noticeable to the fans.”

Interestingly, as opposed to Warner Bros., Disney did eventually turn to its animation wing to successfully tap the talent and design sensibilities of supervising director and executive producer Dave Filoni. Just as with Bruce Timm and the DC Animated Universe, Filoni’s had a deep understanding of Star Wars lore and an understanding of Lucas’ deeper philosophy and genre influences. But unlike Timm, Filoni was recruited to work in live-action by director Jon Favreau. Together they worked on The Mandalorian for Disney+, yielding a series that fans saw as truer to the franchise than any of the recent features.

It is said that Kevin Feige himself has been consulting for Lucasfilm in an effort to convert all of Star Wars into a cohesive transmedia universe.

“With this immense canvas, we’re going to see a reiteration of the fractal systemic design approach that Feige applied to the MCU,” says Gomez. “Clusters of streaming series set in a similar time period will introduce a number of key characters and escalating events. These will lead to a major theatrical or streaming feature that unites these characters in a climactic galaxy-shaking game-changing event. The offshoot characters and influence of this event will plant narrative seeds that will grow into their own in other series, but also in comic books, novels, video games, theme park attractions, and other content.

But the technique doesn’t require Feige’s presence, nor does it need billion-dollar slate budgets. Gomez often cites his 10 Commandments of 21st Century Franchise Production as the roadmap to follow. A combination of intrinsic understanding of the property and its lore, centralizing to one or a few visionaries, and respect for fan participation, the list was written over a decade ago, but still holds up. In fact, many of these rules are being observed by a surprising franchise upstart—Cobra Kai, currently airing on Netflix.

Cobra Kai Netflix Poster
Cobra Kai builds on the Karate Kid franchise by constructing a shared universe that allows for collective journey storytelling, turning it into the #1 streaming series in 28 countries.

A low-budget martial arts comedy-drama created by Josh Heald, Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Scholossberg, Cobra Kai holds the first four Karate Kid feature films as canon, and explores the impact of the events of those films on the lives of their various characters, their families, and their students. But what could have been a goofy nostalgia one-off has become a worldwide streaming phenomenon.

Cobra Kai pulls off the central magic trick of shared universes by shifting out of the singular hero’s journey model of storytelling, and into Collective Journey modality,” says Gomez, referring to a more novelistic multi-perspective kind of narrative he has been observing in contemporary pop culture and social media. “The series suggests that maybe Daniel LaRusso was not purely the hero of those films, and that Johnny Lawrence was not all bad. In Cobra Kai, we have the contemporary sense that everyone has valid reasons for behaving the way they do, even as it maintains the drama of the conflicts we can have with one another. The audience loves all of the characters, but it’s fun to watch them fight!”

Per Gomez’s Commandments, the producers understand and respect the underlying philosophy of the franchise originated by creator Robert Mark Kamen, who consults on the show. A strong effort has been made to bring back actors from the original films and take them seriously as characters. Fans are convinced that there is an overall schematic to the series’ multiple seasons, leading to major turning points each year. And the visionaries have even hinted at the fact that the Miyagi-verse (as the shared universe is called) will be due for expansion into multiple series or features in years to come.

The results are remarkable: Cobra Kai has ranked as the #1 streaming series in 28 countries, its third season drawing over 41 million Netflix member households within its first month. Perhaps even more valuable (and unlike most Netflix content), the series has drawn an ardent fan base.

“The term badass has reentered the global lexicon! It’s a real meme-generator,” jokes Gomez. “But what the series and its shared universe—because everyone is going back to watch those old Karate Kid movies—has truly accomplished is that it has become resonant with the times. The Miyagi-verse tells us that there are no absolutes, and that we can transcend deeply ingrained differences. There are viable third solutions to our polarized problems. The franchise is great fun, but it’s also a valid and even artful creative expression.”

To be sure, shared universes are not the only way film franchises can succeed. Individual stand-alone movies and film series still have their place in the entertainment industry and continue to draw their own types of audiences.

But the massive profits generated by a properly executed shared transmedia universe cannot be ignored either. And with more production companies interested in taking the rich source material of comic book and dormant intellectual property narratives and adapting them to the screen, a shift in moviemaking style is becoming more essential.

Film studios and entertainment companies that want to build a shared universe need to invest in a producer capable of constructing an epic narrative told through individual stories. This producer needs to not only be familiar with the source material but also sensitive to fan sensibilities and desires. Most important, that producer needs to be able to work with other storytellers, granting them the freedom to develop the fictional landscape while moving their narratives in directions that build the master plot.

It’s a complex task, and one that even seasoned production companies are struggling to master. Yet done correctly, a shared universe creates a brand loyalty beyond what many companies can hope to achieve. Like the comic book worlds before them, shared cinematic universes that successfully mesh individual visions to serve a greater whole offer their audiences story worlds they will engage in for generations.

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This is the third installment in a transmedia storytelling series being written in tandem with Jeff Gomez of Starlight Runner Entertainment, one of the industry’s foremost transmedia producers. Starlight Runner consults with multiple companies from Disney to Sony to Coca-Cola to help establish their story worlds and produces transmedia content including graphic novels, videos, books, animated series, and web sites. Learn how your company can use them to produce your own full transmedia story world through narrative design, content production, licensing, merchandising, and fan cultivation.

The Transmedia Storytelling Series:

#1: How Disney+ Uses Star Wars to Dominate Digital Entertainment

#2: Ultraman: Translating a Multi-Billion Dollar Japanese Superhero Franchise for American Media

#3: Disney Marvel vs Warner Bros. DC: How Do Shared Universes Succeed or Fail?

#4: Your Shared Universe on a Budget: What The Blair Witch Project and Video Palace Teach Indie Filmmakers